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Events Relating to Use of Early Gunpowder Weapons
in Western Europe
Mention and knowledge of gunpowder:
c.1044
The essential ingredients of 'gunpowder' were recorded in a formula in China. Its explosive qualities had obviously been known for some time in the Sung Dynasty. Its use in Chinese firework demonstrations is certain. Though it is evident that the Chinese, and later the Arab civilizations, experimented with a wide-range of mixtures, there is some doubt if either society used the mixture as a propellant of projectiles.
c.1268
The thirteenth-century transmission of the gunpowder formula to Western Europe has not been documented.
Roger Bacon's Opus tretium provided a recipe with the components of gunpowder and suggested awareness of the mixture's explosive power. He had made a cryptic reference to the mixture in an earlier document, Epistolae de secretis operibus, in 1249.
c.1270-80
Albertus Magnus (d.1280) left a manuscript (dated c.1270) that included the work attributed to a 'Marcus Graecus' of an earlier time. The Graecus' work was titled Liber Igneum ad comburendos hostes [Book of Fires for Burning enemies] and contained workable recipes for explosive gunpowder.
Reports, records, or evidence of guns:
1284
Records of Italian use of sclopi (handguns) at town of Forli is suspected to be a later insertion.
1313
Records reported that bussen met kruyt ('cannons with powder'?), were kept at the town of Ghent. Interpretation is questioned by some English authors.
1324
Guns were reportedly used at a siege of Metz. The report is questioned due to the chroniclers' use of the term 'serpentines', believed to be a premature convention.
Nasrid Sultan, Ismail I, of Granada reportedly used gunpowder artillery to capture Huéscar in Spain. Reports of early Spanish Muslims' use of guns are questioned by some who claim the accounts are of incendiaries being launched by non-gunpowder machines and not of projectiles being propelled through a barrel by a gunpowder explosion.
1326
Council of Florence directed the manufacture of metal cannon and bullets (pilas seu pallectas ferreas et canones de metallo). Considered by many to be the first 'indisputable' record of such items.
The image of a pot-de-fer gun, that shot an arrow-like bolt, was in a manuscript (by Walter de Milemete) presented to Edward III on his accession to the throne of England.
1327
English reportedly used guns ('crakys') in Scotland.
1331
Guns, vasi e scioppi, were used at siege of Cividale, in Friuli, Italy.
1338
French document described acquiring iron arrows and sulfur, with which to make powder to shoot the arrows.
French used pot-de-fer, firing bolts with iron feathers, in a naval raid against Southampton.
1339
French used cannon [pot-de-fer] at Perigord; and at Cambrai against Edward III.
1340
French used pot-de-fer at Quesnoy in 1340.
Italian painting of this date shows handguns.
1341
At Lucca, there was reported use of a 'thunderer', and of iron cannon firing iron balls.
1342
Spanish Muslims used cannon against Casilian army at Siege of Algeciras.
1343
Spanish muslims used gunpowder against Alfonso XI of Castile.
1345
French had 24 cannon made at Cahors for the siege of Aiguillon.
Edward III had a hundred cannons at the Tower of London.
1346
Some accounts state that cannon was used at the battle of Cr้cy. Though the account is stated without qualification in many modern writings, it is disputed by several historians.
Edward III reportedly used 22 cannon his campaign in France.
1370
Reference to gun foundry at Augsburg.
1375
French employed 32 cannon and fired 100 pound stone balls during siege at Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte.
1376
Reference to gun foundry at Venice.
1378
First mention of cannon used in Balkan lands relates to 13 August 1378 defense of Kotor firing three bombards at Venetian warships.
1382
A militia from Ghent, in a defensive position approximately an hour's march from the city of Bruges, employed small cannon in routing the Bruges' militia that marched out to engage them. The 3 May encounter is called 'the battle of Beverhoudsveld'.
1386
Reportedly Swiss used some handguns at Battle of Sempach.
1389
Ottoman Turks reportedly used canon at 'First' Battle of Kossovo.
1399
Richard II of England reportedly took eight 'gunnes' with stands and 200 rounds of shot to Ireland.
1400
Konrad Kyeser's Bellifortis (c.1400) contained an illustration of a gunner firing a small, culverin-like gun supported by an upright pole and a long shaft extending from its breech. The gun is being positioned by the gunner's one hand as his other hand is aligning a hot rod to the gun's touchhole.
1411
First known image of a Z-shapped trigger-lever 'matchlock' gun is in a manuscript of this date.
1419
Initial battle, near Prague, of the 'Hussite Wars' began a series of engagements (lasting until 1434) which evidenced a definite tactical scheme for the employment of guns (small artillery pieces and handguns). The Hussites' employment provided undeniable effectiveness of guns in combat when (as with the English longbow) a missile weapon was used, supported by combined arms (other disciplined infantry and cavalry) and in an offensive-defensive tactical posture.
1429
At the English siege of Orl้ans, the French gunner Jean de Montesiler demonstrated remarkable marksmanship in targeting individual enemy targets. The accounts suggest that his individual firearm may have been a matchlock equipped couleuvrin.
1435
Handguns (culverins ad manum), supported on stands, were reported used at Rouen.
1442
French established artillery parks: at Dax in 1442, at Maul้on in 1449, and at Guissen in 1449.
1448
At the second Battle of Kossovo (17 Oct 1448), the Hungarians under Hunyadi reportedly employed German and Bohemian mercenary handgunners against the Turkish Janissary archers. The infantry on both sides used palisades while exchanging missile fire at an interim distance of about 91 meters. Though the far more numerous Turks won the battle, Sultan Murad II (1421-1451) was sufficiently impressed by the encounter to incorporate soon after handgunners in his Janissary.
1449
Mons Meg, a famous 'giant' iron bombard was made for Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy. This followed the trend set by the acquisition of another giant, Dulle Griet, a few years earlier.
The French artillery under the direction of Bureau brothers demonstrated striking success in sieges without use of the 'giant' bombards. The French emphasis was on a large number of regular and smaller guns [particularly longer barrel length-to-bore size ratios], and a highly organized supply and support base. There is the possibility that they were making use of the newly developed and more powerful 'corned' gunpowder.
1450
French employed two culverin-type guns that forced English longbowmen to break their traditional, defensive battle formation at the battle of Formigny. The issue was not decided by guns, which the English managed to capture, but by the French heavy cavalry that attacked the English exposed from their defenses.
1453
French employed about 300 guns (artillery and handguns) at the battle of Castillon. This engagement was a close replica of Hussites' tactical use of guns, without the wagons, but skillfully adapting to favorable defensive terrain. The guns had largely decided the outcome by the time the French cavalry charged in.
Constantinople fell to Sultan Mohammed II, who had employed a large number of 'giant', mostly cast-bronze, bombards in his siege of the city. However, the large guns' contribution to the victory is often exaggerated.
1454
Cannon reported to be mounted on two-wheeled gun-carriages at Rouen.
1470-80
Believed actual timeframe of the 'Hussite Manuscript', whch explains the relatively advanced [for time era of the Hussite wars (1419-34)] images of gun-carriages in the document.
1474-77
The Burgundian-Swiss wars evidenced that the Charles 'the Rash', duke of Burgundy's, fascination with and promotion of artillery was not matched with a skill for its employment in combat.
1483
Berner Chronicles contains creditable images of two-wheeled gun-carriages.
1481-92
Ferdinand and Isabella exhibit a strong artillery arm in their conquest of Granada. Although the technological status of the Castilian-Aragonise artillery did not seem to have advanced much beyond that of the Hundred Years' War, their infantry evidenced a significant increase in use of matchlock handguns -- the espingardas.
1494
Charles VIII's French army invaded Italy with a highly developed artillery train and guns mounted on carriages with trunions.